.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK

***********************************
Setting Up to Use the Yocto Project
***********************************

This chapter provides guidance on how to prepare to use the Yocto
Project. You can learn about creating a team environment to develop
using the Yocto Project, how to set up a :ref:`build
host <dev-manual/start:preparing the build host>`, how to locate
Yocto Project source repositories, and how to create local Git
repositories.

Creating a Team Development Environment
=======================================

It might not be immediately clear how you can use the Yocto Project in a
team development environment, or how to scale it for a large team of
developers. You can adapt the Yocto Project to many different use cases
and scenarios; however, this flexibility could cause difficulties if you
are trying to create a working setup that scales effectively.

To help you understand how to set up this type of environment, this
section presents a procedure that gives you information that can help
you get the results you want. The procedure is high-level and presents
some of the project's most successful experiences, practices, solutions,
and available technologies that have proved to work well in the past;
however, keep in mind, the procedure here is simply a starting point.
You can build off these steps and customize the procedure to fit any
particular working environment and set of practices.

#.  *Determine Who is Going to be Developing:* You first need to
    understand who is going to be doing anything related to the Yocto
    Project and determine their roles. Making this determination is
    essential to completing subsequent steps, which are to get your
    equipment together and set up your development environment's
    hardware topology.

    Possible roles are:

    -  *Application Developer:* This type of developer does application
       level work on top of an existing software stack.

    -  *Core System Developer:* This type of developer works on the
       contents of the operating system image itself.

    -  *Build Engineer:* This type of developer manages Autobuilders and
       releases. Depending on the specifics of the environment, not all
       situations might need a Build Engineer.

    -  *Test Engineer:* This type of developer creates and manages
       automated tests that are used to ensure all application and core
       system development meets desired quality standards.

#.  *Gather the Hardware:* Based on the size and make-up of the team,
    get the hardware together. Ideally, any development, build, or test
    engineer uses a system that runs a supported Linux distribution.
    These systems, in general, should be high performance (e.g. dual,
    six-core Xeons with 24 Gbytes of RAM and plenty of disk space). You
    can help ensure efficiency by having any machines used for testing
    or that run Autobuilders be as high performance as possible.

    .. note::

       Given sufficient processing power, you might also consider
       building Yocto Project development containers to be run under
       Docker, which is described later.

#.  *Understand the Hardware Topology of the Environment:* Once you
    understand the hardware involved and the make-up of the team, you
    can understand the hardware topology of the development environment.
    You can get a visual idea of the machines and their roles across the
    development environment.

#.  *Use Git as Your Source Control Manager (SCM):* Keeping your
    :term:`Metadata` (i.e. recipes,
    configuration files, classes, and so forth) and any software you are
    developing under the control of an SCM system that is compatible
    with the :term:`OpenEmbedded build system` is advisable. Of all of the SCMs
    supported by BitBake, the Yocto Project team strongly recommends using
    :ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:git`.
    Git is a distributed system
    that is easy to back up, allows you to work remotely, and then
    connects back to the infrastructure.

    .. note::

       For information about BitBake, see the
       :doc:`bitbake:index`.

    It is relatively easy to set up Git services and create infrastructure like
    :yocto_git:`/`, which is based on server software called
    `Gitolite <https://gitolite.com>`__
    with `cgit <https://git.zx2c4.com/cgit/about/>`__ being used to
    generate the web interface that lets you view the repositories.
    ``gitolite`` identifies users using SSH keys and allows
    branch-based access controls to repositories that you can control as
    little or as much as necessary.

#.  *Set up the Application Development Machines:* As mentioned earlier,
    application developers are creating applications on top of existing
    software stacks. Here are some best practices for setting up
    machines used for application development:

    -  Use a pre-built toolchain that contains the software stack
       itself. Then, develop the application code on top of the stack.
       This method works well for small numbers of relatively isolated
       applications.

    -  Keep your cross-development toolchains updated. You can do this
       through provisioning either as new toolchain downloads or as
       updates through a package update mechanism to
       provide updates to an existing toolchain. The exact mechanics of
       how and when to do this depend on local policy.

    -  Use multiple toolchains installed locally into different
       locations to allow development across versions.

#.  *Set up the Core Development Machines:* As mentioned earlier, core
    developers work on the contents of the operating system itself.
    Here are some best practices for setting up machines used for
    developing images:

    -  Have the :term:`OpenEmbedded Build System` available on
       the developer workstations so developers can run their own builds
       and directly rebuild the software stack.

    -  Keep the core system unchanged as much as possible and do your
       work in layers on top of the core system. Doing so gives you a
       greater level of portability when upgrading to new versions of
       the core system or Board Support Packages (BSPs).

    -  Share layers amongst the developers of a particular project and
       contain the policy configuration that defines the project.

#.  *Set up an Autobuilder:* Autobuilders are often the core of the
    development environment. It is here that changes from individual
    developers are brought together and centrally tested. Based on this
    automated build and test environment, subsequent decisions about
    releases can be made. Autobuilders also allow for "continuous
    integration" style testing of software components and regression
    identification and tracking.

    See ":yocto_ab:`Yocto Project Autobuilder <>`" for more
    information and links to buildbot. The Yocto Project team has found
    this implementation works well in this role. A public example of
    this is the Yocto Project Autobuilders, which the Yocto Project team
    uses to test the overall health of the project.

    The features of this system are:

    -  Highlights when commits break the build.

    -  Populates an :ref:`sstate
       cache <overview-manual/concepts:shared state cache>` from which
       developers can pull rather than requiring local builds.

    -  Allows commit hook triggers, which trigger builds when commits
       are made.

    -  Allows triggering of automated image booting and testing under
       the Quick EMUlator (QEMU).

    -  Supports incremental build testing and from-scratch builds.

    -  Shares output that allows developer testing and historical
       regression investigation.

    -  Creates output that can be used for releases.

    -  Allows scheduling of builds so that resources can be used
       efficiently.

#.  *Set up Test Machines:* Use a small number of shared, high
    performance systems for testing purposes. Developers can use these
    systems for wider, more extensive testing while they continue to
    develop locally using their primary development system.

#.  *Document Policies and Change Flow:* The Yocto Project uses a
    hierarchical structure and a pull model. There are scripts to create and
    send pull requests (i.e. ``create-pull-request`` and
    ``send-pull-request``). This model is in line with other open source
    projects where maintainers are responsible for specific areas of the
    project and a single maintainer handles the final "top-of-tree"
    merges.

    .. note::

       You can also use a more collective push model. The ``gitolite``
       software supports both the push and pull models quite easily.

    As with any development environment, it is important to document the
    policy used as well as any main project guidelines so they are
    understood by everyone. It is also a good idea to have
    well-structured commit messages, which are usually a part of a
    project's guidelines. Good commit messages are essential when
    looking back in time and trying to understand why changes were made.

    If you discover that changes are needed to the core layer of the
    project, it is worth sharing those with the community as soon as
    possible. Chances are if you have discovered the need for changes,
    someone else in the community needs them also.

#.  *Development Environment Summary:* Aside from the previous steps,
    here are best practices within the Yocto Project development
    environment:

    -  Use :ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:git` as the source control
       system.

    -  Maintain your Metadata in layers that make sense for your
       situation. See the ":ref:`overview-manual/yp-intro:the yocto project layer model`"
       section in the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual and the
       ":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`"
       section for more information on layers.

    -  Separate the project's Metadata and code by using separate Git
       repositories. See the ":ref:`overview-manual/development-environment:yocto project source repositories`"
       section in the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual for
       information on these repositories. See the
       ":doc:`/dev-manual/poky-manual-setup`"
       section for information on how to set up local Git repositories
       for related upstream Yocto Project Git repositories.

    -  Set up the directory for the shared state cache
       (:term:`SSTATE_DIR`) where
       it makes sense. For example, set up the sstate cache on a system
       used by developers in the same organization and share the same
       source directories on their machines.

    -  Set up a local :ref:`overview-manual/concepts:Hash Equivalence` server.

       See the :ref:`overview-manual/concepts:Hash Equivalence` section of the
       Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual for more details on the hash
       equivalence feature.

       See the :doc:`/dev-manual/hashequivserver` section of the Yocto Project
       Development Tasks Manual for details on how to setup a
       :ref:`overview-manual/concepts:Hash Equivalence` server.

    -  Set up an Autobuilder and have it populate the sstate cache and
       source directories.

    -  The Yocto Project community encourages you to send patches to the
       project to fix bugs or add features. If you do submit patches,
       follow the project commit guidelines for writing good commit
       messages. See the ":doc:`/contributor-guide/submit-changes`"
       section in the Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded Contributor Guide.

    -  Send changes to the core sooner than later as others are likely
       to run into the same issues. For some guidance on mailing lists
       to use, see the lists in the
       ":ref:`contributor-guide/submit-changes:finding a suitable mailing list`"
       section. For a description
       of the available mailing lists, see the ":ref:`resources-mailinglist`" section in
       the Yocto Project Reference Manual.

Preparing the Build Host
========================

This section provides procedures to set up a system to be used as your
:term:`Build Host` for
development using the Yocto Project. Your build host can be a native
Linux machine (recommended), it can be a machine (Linux, Mac, or
Windows) that uses `CROPS <https://github.com/crops/poky-container>`__,
which leverages `Docker Containers <https://www.docker.com/>`__ or it
can be a Windows machine capable of running version 2 of Windows Subsystem
For Linux (WSL 2).

.. note::

   The Yocto Project is not compatible with version 1 of
   :wikipedia:`Windows Subsystem for Linux <Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux>`.
   It is compatible but neither officially supported nor validated with
   WSL 2. If you still decide to use WSL please upgrade to
   `WSL 2 <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install>`__.

Once your build host is set up to use the Yocto Project, further steps
are necessary depending on what you want to accomplish. See the
following references for information on how to prepare for Board Support
Package (BSP) development and kernel development:

-  *BSP Development:* See the ":ref:`bsp-guide/bsp:preparing your build host to work with bsp layers`"
   section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's
   Guide.

-  *Kernel Development:* See the ":ref:`kernel-dev/common:preparing the build host to work on the kernel`"
   section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.

Setting Up a Native Linux Host
------------------------------

Follow these steps to prepare a native Linux machine as your Yocto
Project Build Host:

#. *Use a Supported Linux Distribution:* You should have a reasonably
   current Linux-based host system. You will have the best results with
   a recent release of Fedora, openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, RHEL or CentOS
   as these releases are frequently tested against the Yocto Project and
   officially supported. For a list of the distributions under
   validation and their status, see the ":ref:`Supported Linux
   Distributions <system-requirements-supported-distros>`"
   section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual and the wiki page at
   :yocto_wiki:`Distribution Support </Distribution_Support>`.

#. *Have Enough Free Memory:* Your system should have at least 50 Gbytes
   of free disk space for building images.

#. *Meet Minimal Version Requirements:* The OpenEmbedded build system
   should be able to run on any modern distribution that has the
   following versions for Git, tar, Python, gcc and make.

   -  Git &MIN_GIT_VERSION; or greater

   -  tar &MIN_TAR_VERSION; or greater

   -  Python &MIN_PYTHON_VERSION; or greater.

   -  gcc &MIN_GCC_VERSION; or greater.

   -  GNU make &MIN_MAKE_VERSION; or greater

   If your build host does not satisfy all of these listed version
   requirements, you can take steps to prepare the system so that you
   can still use the Yocto Project. See the
   ":ref:`ref-manual/system-requirements:required git, tar, python, make and gcc versions`"
   section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information.

#. *Install Development Host Packages:* Required development host
   packages vary depending on your build host and what you want to do
   with the Yocto Project. Collectively, the number of required packages
   is large if you want to be able to cover all cases.

   For lists of required packages for all scenarios, see the
   ":ref:`ref-manual/system-requirements:required packages for the build host`"
   section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.

Once you have completed the previous steps, you are ready to continue
using a given development path on your native Linux machine. If you are
going to use BitBake, see the
":ref:`dev-manual/start:preparing the poky reference distro`"
section. If you are going
to use the Extensible SDK, see the ":doc:`/sdk-manual/extensible`" Chapter in the Yocto
Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development
Kit (eSDK) manual. If you want to work on the kernel, see the :doc:`/kernel-dev/index`. If you are going to use
Toaster, see the ":doc:`/toaster-manual/setup-and-use`"
section in the Toaster User Manual. If you are a VSCode user, you can configure
the `Yocto Project BitBake
<https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
extension accordingly.

Setting Up to Use CROss PlatformS (CROPS)
-----------------------------------------

With `CROPS <https://github.com/crops/poky-container>`__, which
leverages `Docker Containers <https://www.docker.com/>`__, you can
create a Yocto Project development environment that is operating system
agnostic. You can set up a container in which you can develop using the
Yocto Project on a Windows, Mac, or Linux machine.

Follow these general steps to prepare a Windows, Mac, or Linux machine
as your Yocto Project build host:

#. *Determine What Your Build Host Needs:*
   `Docker <https://www.docker.com/what-docker>`__ is a software
   container platform that you need to install on the build host.
   Depending on your build host, you might have to install different
   software to support Docker containers. Go to the Docker installation
   page and read about the platform requirements in "`Supported
   Platforms <https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/#supported-platforms>`__"
   your build host needs to run containers.

#. *Choose What To Install:* Depending on whether or not your build host
   meets system requirements, you need to install "Docker CE Stable" or
   the "Docker Toolbox". Most situations call for Docker CE. However, if
   you have a build host that does not meet requirements (e.g.
   Pre-Windows 10 or Windows 10 "Home" version), you must install Docker
   Toolbox instead.

#. *Go to the Install Site for Your Platform:* Click the link for the
   Docker edition associated with your build host's native software. For
   example, if your build host is running Microsoft Windows Version 10
   and you want the Docker CE Stable edition, click that link under
   "Supported Platforms".

#. *Install the Software:* Once you have understood all the
   pre-requisites, you can download and install the appropriate
   software. Follow the instructions for your specific machine and the
   type of the software you need to install:

   -  Install `Docker Desktop on
      Windows <https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/install/#install-docker-desktop-on-windows>`__
      for Windows build hosts that meet requirements.

   -  Install `Docker Desktop on
      MacOs <https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-mac/install/#install-and-run-docker-desktop-on-mac>`__
      for Mac build hosts that meet requirements.

   -  Install `Docker Engine on
      CentOS <https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/centos/>`__
      for Linux build hosts running the CentOS distribution.

   -  Install `Docker Engine on
      Debian <https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/debian/>`__
      for Linux build hosts running the Debian distribution.

   -  Install `Docker Engine for
      Fedora <https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/fedora/>`__
      for Linux build hosts running the Fedora distribution.

   -  Install `Docker Engine for
      Ubuntu <https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/ubuntu/>`__
      for Linux build hosts running the Ubuntu distribution.

#. *Optionally Orient Yourself With Docker:* If you are unfamiliar with
   Docker and the container concept, you can learn more here -
   https://docs.docker.com/get-started/.

#. *Launch Docker or Docker Toolbox:* You should be able to launch
   Docker or the Docker Toolbox and have a terminal shell on your
   development host.

#. *Set Up the Containers to Use the Yocto Project:* Go to
   https://github.com/crops/docker-win-mac-docs/wiki and follow
   the directions for your particular build host (i.e. Linux, Mac, or
   Windows).

   Once you complete the setup instructions for your machine, you have
   the Poky, Extensible SDK, and Toaster containers available. You can
   click those links from the page and learn more about using each of
   those containers.

Once you have a container set up, everything is in place to develop just
as if you were running on a native Linux machine. If you are going to
use the Poky container, see the
":ref:`dev-manual/start:preparing the Poky reference distro`"
section. If you are going to use the Extensible SDK container, see the
":doc:`/sdk-manual/extensible`" Chapter in the Yocto
Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development
Kit (eSDK) manual. If you are going to use the Toaster container, see
the ":doc:`/toaster-manual/setup-and-use`"
section in the Toaster User Manual. If you are a VSCode user, you can configure
the `Yocto Project BitBake
<https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
extension accordingly.

Setting Up to Use Windows Subsystem For Linux (WSL 2)
-----------------------------------------------------

With `Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL 2)
<https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/>`__,
you can create a Yocto Project development environment that allows you
to build on Windows. You can set up a Linux distribution inside Windows
in which you can develop using the Yocto Project.

Follow these general steps to prepare a Windows machine using WSL 2 as
your Yocto Project build host:

#. *Make sure your Windows machine is capable of running WSL 2:*

   While all Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 builds support WSL 2,
   the first versions of Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019 didn't.
   Check the minimum build numbers for `Windows 10
   <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-manual#step-2---check-requirements-for-running-wsl-2>`__
   and for `Windows Server 2019
   <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-on-server>`__.

   To check which build version you are running, you may open a command
   prompt on Windows and execute the command "ver"::

      C:\Users\myuser> ver

      Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19041.153]

#. *Install the Linux distribution of your choice inside WSL 2:*
   Once you know your version of Windows supports WSL 2, you can
   install the distribution of your choice from the Microsoft Store.
   Open the Microsoft Store and search for Linux. While there are
   several Linux distributions available, the assumption is that your
   pick will be one of the distributions supported by the Yocto Project
   as stated on the instructions for using a native Linux host. After
   making your selection, simply click "Get" to download and install the
   distribution.

#. *Check which Linux distribution WSL 2 is using:* Open a Windows
   PowerShell and run::

      C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl -l -v
      NAME    STATE   VERSION
      *Ubuntu Running 2

   Note that WSL 2 supports running as many different Linux distributions
   as you want to install.

#. *Optionally Get Familiar with WSL:* You can learn more on
   https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/wsl2-about.

#. *Launch your WSL Distibution:* From the Windows start menu simply
   launch your WSL distribution just like any other application.

#. *Optimize your WSL 2 storage often:* Due to the way storage is
   handled on WSL 2, the storage space used by the underlying Linux
   distribution is not reflected immediately, and since BitBake heavily
   uses storage, after several builds, you may be unaware you are
   running out of space. As WSL 2 uses a VHDX file for storage, this issue
   can be easily avoided by regularly optimizing this file in a manual way:

   1. *Find the location of your VHDX file:*

      First you need to find the distro app package directory, to achieve this
      open a Windows Powershell as Administrator and run::

         C:\WINDOWS\system32> Get-AppxPackage -Name "*Ubuntu*" | Select PackageFamilyName
         PackageFamilyName
         -----------------
         CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79abcdefgh


      You should now
      replace the PackageFamilyName and your user on the following path
      to find your VHDX file::

         ls C:\Users\myuser\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79abcdefgh\LocalState\
         Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
         -a----         3/14/2020   9:52 PM    57418973184 ext4.vhdx

      Your VHDX file path is:
      ``C:\Users\myuser\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79abcdefgh\LocalState\ext4.vhdx``

   2a. *Optimize your VHDX file using Windows Powershell:*

       To use the ``optimize-vhd`` cmdlet below, first install the Hyper-V
       option on Windows. Then, open a Windows Powershell as Administrator to
       optimize your VHDX file, shutting down WSL first::

         C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --shutdown
         C:\WINDOWS\system32> optimize-vhd -Path C:\Users\myuser\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79abcdefgh\LocalState\ext4.vhdx -Mode full

       A progress bar should be shown while optimizing the
       VHDX file, and storage should now be reflected correctly on the
       Windows Explorer.

   2b. *Optimize your VHDX file using DiskPart:*

       The ``optimize-vhd`` cmdlet noted in step 2a above is provided by
       Hyper-V. Not all SKUs of Windows can install Hyper-V. As an alternative,
       use the DiskPart tool. To start, open a Windows command prompt as
       Administrator to optimize your VHDX file, shutting down WSL first::

         C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --shutdown
         C:\WINDOWS\system32> diskpart

         DISKPART> select vdisk file="<path_to_VHDX_file>"
         DISKPART> attach vdisk readonly
         DISKPART> compact vdisk
         DISKPART> detach
         DISKPART> exit

.. note::

   The current implementation of WSL 2 does not have out-of-the-box
   access to external devices such as those connected through a USB
   port, but it automatically mounts your ``C:`` drive on ``/mnt/c/``
   (and others), which you can use to share deploy artifacts to be later
   flashed on hardware through Windows, but your :term:`Build Directory`
   should not reside inside this mountpoint.

Once you have WSL 2 set up, everything is in place to develop just as if
you were running on a native Linux machine. If you are going to use the
Extensible SDK container, see the ":doc:`/sdk-manual/extensible`" Chapter in the Yocto
Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development
Kit (eSDK) manual. If you are going to use the Toaster container, see
the ":doc:`/toaster-manual/setup-and-use`"
section in the Toaster User Manual. If you are a VSCode user, you can configure
the `Yocto Project BitBake
<https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
extension accordingly.

Preparing the Poky Reference Distro
-----------------------------------

Now that the :term:`Build Host` has been prepared to build images, the next step
can be to build the :term:`Poky` reference distro. There are two ways of setting
up the :term:`Poky` reference distro:

-  Using the ``bitbake-setup`` command-line utility from :term:`BitBake`.
   Follow:

   :doc:`Setting Up The Environment With bitbake-setup <bitbake:bitbake-user-manual/bitbake-user-manual-environment-setup>`

-  Manually cloning the required repositories. Follow:

   :doc:`/dev-manual/poky-manual-setup`

.. note::

   The :term:`Poky` distro is a reference distro. It can be used to try the
   Yocto Project but should not be used in a production environment. Instead, it
   is recommended to create your own distro, see the
   :doc:`/dev-manual/custom-distribution` section of the Yocto Project
   Development Tasks Manual.

Initializing the Build Environment
----------------------------------

Initializing the build environment is a common task, as it needs to be done for
each new instance of the shell where the :term:`Poky` reference distro was set up:

-  If ``bitbake-setup`` was used to setup the :term:`Poky` reference distro, you
   need to source the ``init-build-env`` file of the :term:`bitbake:Setup`
   directory that was created after the :ref:`bitbake:ref-bbsetup-command-init`
   command execution:

   .. code-block:: console

      $ source <setup-dir>/build/init-build-env


-  If the :term:`Poky` distro was setup using manual clones of the layers, you
   need to source the ``oe-init-build-env`` script present in the
   :term:`OpenEmbedded-Core (OE-Core)` layer:

   .. code-block:: console

      $ source openembedded-core/oe-init-build-env

This will setup your current shell and change the current working directory to
the :term:`Build Directory`.

Where To Go From Here
---------------------

-  Configure your build: follow :ref:`overview-manual/concepts:User Configuration`.

-  Learn how and what to build with :term:`BitBake`: follow :doc:`/dev-manual/building`.
